Throughout not only American society but all societies across the earth, the battle of the sexes has roared for years, centuries even. People attribute certain characteristics to each gender and create ideal personas set for both males and females. But to what degree are these set personas valid? What is their basis for these stereotypes?
Men and women have constantly faced the issue of stereotypes pertaining to gender. Men are considered somewhat as authority figures and withhold the ultimate masculinity. Women are of opposing stereotypes as they are associated with being the homemaker and accessories to men. Most attempt to defy these stereotypes and prove them to be inaccurate. It is evident that, in some sense, women have been suppressed by men. Women were of the latter to receive voting rights and a position within the workplace. In this aspect, it would appear that women had no choice but to attain to this overwhelming stereotype but to what degree can one really avoid placing blame among the women themselves? The dilemma faced between the sexes is not a question of superiority, although some people have attributed it to this, but a question of this stereotypes origin in nature. What portion is rather self-imposed?
It is seen in many circumstances that men and women tend to hold to their stereotypes of masculinity and femininity when making decisions. This finds its roots within natural instinct and confidence levels. Although both men and women strain their defiance of being held within the category of their stereotype, the way they form and construct their decisions immediately reflects their natural interests. These interests wholly originate from their own personal concerns stemming from their degree of masculinity and femininity.
Wednesday, April 21, 2010
Arriving at an Evidence-based Argument
- I see myself fitting into this conversation quite easily as all of my questions and concerns over my topic are well answered through my selected sources.
- These sources can help me address the issue of whether men and women hold to the stereotype of masculinity and femininity when making decisions and if this stereotype is justified.
- My sources lead me to the claim that men and women do, in fact, hold to the stereptype of masculinity and femininity when making decisions.
Tuesday, April 20, 2010
Sources In Conversation Script
Me: Welcome to the Ryan Kendall News Show. Today we will be discussing gender differences in decision-making. Our first guest today will be Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady during the Great Depression. Next, we have Maureen Flanagan, a professor of history at Michigan State University. Our next guest will be Ling-Ling Chang, a professor at the National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan. Last but certainly not least, 0ur final guest will be Kathleen Arano, an assistant professor of economics at Fort Hays State University. These guests will help to discuss our topic and provide a stronger understanding of what forces are at work when men and women make decisions. How are you all doing today?
All: Fine, thank you.
Me: Wonderful. Let us begin this discussion with the aspect of natural instinct. Eleanor, could you elaborate a bit on the impact of this factor on decision-making in the different genders?
Eleanor Roosevelt: Of course, Ryan. Thank you. Well what I have seen within the political arena, women tend to be more associated with the welfare of the people. This is “undoubtedly tied up with women’s biological functions. The women bear the children, and love them even before they come into the world” (Roosevelt, 106). “Women have caused a basic change in the attitude of government toward human beings” meaning “there are certain fundamental things that mean more to the great majority of women than to the great majority of men” (Roosevelt, 106).
Me: And what evidence do you have of this?
Eleanor Roosevelt: Following the granting of suffrage to women, the government took “increasing cognizance of humanitarian questions, things that deal with the happiness of human beings, such as health, education, security. There is nothing, of course, to prove that this is entirely because of the women’s interest, and yet I think it is significant that this change has come about during the period when women have been exercising their franchise. It makes me surmise that women who do take an interest in public questions have thrust these interests to the fore, and obliged their fellow citizens to consider them. Whereas in the past these problems have remained more or less in the background, today they are discussed by every governing body” (Roosevelt, 104). This I find to be more than just coincidence. It is quite apparent that these two factors are related.
Me: Interesting. And what may you say for the men?
Eleanor Roosevelt: Men tend to base their decisions upon pride. “Now and then you will find a man whose paternal instinct is very strong—even stronger than his wife’s maternal instinct. These are the exceptions which prove the rule however. The pride most men feel in the little new bundle of humanity must grow gradually into love and devotion. I will not deny that this love develops fast with everything a man does for the new small and helpless human being which belongs to him; but a man can nearly always be more objective about his children than a woman can be” (Roosevelt, 106).
Me: Can anyone else elaborate on this division of our topic?
Maureen Flanagan: Why, yes. I can, in fact, expand on what Eleanor has stated. “It is commonly accepted that male and female reformers in the first two decades of the twentieth century had different agendas for reform; that these differences stemmed primarily from gender concerns is also assumed” (Flanagan, 196). “Such issues as how to collect and dispose of municipal garbage and waste, how to restructure and run the system of public education, and how, and to what ends, to regulate the use of police power within the city were controversial, and no consensus existed among the citizenry about the appropriate solutions. Because of their different relationships to the urban power structure, to daily life within the city, and to other individuals, when the members of the Women’s City Club confronted these problems, they came to a vision of a good city and specific proposals of how best to provide for the welfare of its residents that were very different from those of their male counterparts in the City Club” (Flanagan, 197). When it came to the dilemma of how to collect and dispose of garbage, the women “favored both municipal control over and incineration of garbage on the grounds that they would maximize the healthiness of the urban environment” (Flanagan, 201). They “told the men of the City Club that it was wrong to think of garbage removal as a business rather than a question of health and sanitation” (Flanagan, 201-202) as they had, in fact, been approaching the situation.
Me: That is quite intriguing. I’m glad you brought that up as it provides our viewers with a better understanding as to how gender really affects how one approaches an issue. Now that we’ve addressed the origination of decisions, lets discuss how gender affects the way one asserts their decision. I’d like for Kathleen Arano to expand on this for us.
Kathleen Arano: Of course. Through research over gender-based differences regarding economics such as retirement assess allocation, “our estimates imply that women faculty are more risk aversive than their male spouse” (Arano, 147). “Women tend to have less work experience than men” (Arano, 147) leading to a shrinking confidence in the decisions they make. This has been attributed to them as the stereotypical roles of men and women. Men are the provider and women tend to their household duties. Therefore, the workplace is generally more foreign to women than men leading to a sense of uncertainty.
Chang: From my own personal studies, which refers to this topic in an economical viewpoint, I have learned that “social mood is one factor that affects people’s emotions and their perspectives in risk management, which, in turn, influence their final decisions on actual investments. It is believed that women, in general, are more risk aversive, more pessimistic, and have less investment confidence than men” (Chang, 61). It is commonly known that women’s emotions provide a stronger influence upon their own person compared to men which directly ties the logic in these findings. It is “found that gender difference in attitude towards risk is caused by emotional fluctuation, and emotional fluctuation is affected, among other influences, by the state of the economy, unemployment rate, and inflation, which can further affect individuals’ decisions on investments” (Chang, 62). Women also, generally speaking, of course, “prefer to hold a more conservative portfolio” (Chang, 62). “When it comes to decision making, women tend to take more factors into consideration than men do before taking any action” (Chang, 62). “On the other hand, when the predicted decision outcome is positive, there is a greater possibility for women to underestimate upcoming opportunities. Voelz (1985) believed that an individual’s risk attitude was affected by his/her social role; men are more confident than women in risk evaluation and decision making, and are sometimes overconfident. Lenney (1977) pointed out that confidence levels in men and women depend on how individuals think after making a decision. If the certainty level is low and the outcome is vague, women will tend to underestimate their own capabilities” (Chang, 62).
Me: And you believe that this is tied with the stereotypical social roles of the male and female?
Chang: Yes, I do. “Women react more intensely when feeling threatened or frightened; when emotions are heightened by social pressure, attitude about and actions associated with risky decisions are more conservative than those of men in similar situations” (Chang, 63). This reinforces the female stereotype of being weaker in some sense and the male figure is attributed a more dominant and stereotypical masculinity.
Me: That’s very helpful to our topic. Thank you. Well that is all the time we have for today. Thank you to our guests for assisting us in our discussion. Have a good night!
All: Fine, thank you.
Me: Wonderful. Let us begin this discussion with the aspect of natural instinct. Eleanor, could you elaborate a bit on the impact of this factor on decision-making in the different genders?
Eleanor Roosevelt: Of course, Ryan. Thank you. Well what I have seen within the political arena, women tend to be more associated with the welfare of the people. This is “undoubtedly tied up with women’s biological functions. The women bear the children, and love them even before they come into the world” (Roosevelt, 106). “Women have caused a basic change in the attitude of government toward human beings” meaning “there are certain fundamental things that mean more to the great majority of women than to the great majority of men” (Roosevelt, 106).
Me: And what evidence do you have of this?
Eleanor Roosevelt: Following the granting of suffrage to women, the government took “increasing cognizance of humanitarian questions, things that deal with the happiness of human beings, such as health, education, security. There is nothing, of course, to prove that this is entirely because of the women’s interest, and yet I think it is significant that this change has come about during the period when women have been exercising their franchise. It makes me surmise that women who do take an interest in public questions have thrust these interests to the fore, and obliged their fellow citizens to consider them. Whereas in the past these problems have remained more or less in the background, today they are discussed by every governing body” (Roosevelt, 104). This I find to be more than just coincidence. It is quite apparent that these two factors are related.
Me: Interesting. And what may you say for the men?
Eleanor Roosevelt: Men tend to base their decisions upon pride. “Now and then you will find a man whose paternal instinct is very strong—even stronger than his wife’s maternal instinct. These are the exceptions which prove the rule however. The pride most men feel in the little new bundle of humanity must grow gradually into love and devotion. I will not deny that this love develops fast with everything a man does for the new small and helpless human being which belongs to him; but a man can nearly always be more objective about his children than a woman can be” (Roosevelt, 106).
Me: Can anyone else elaborate on this division of our topic?
Maureen Flanagan: Why, yes. I can, in fact, expand on what Eleanor has stated. “It is commonly accepted that male and female reformers in the first two decades of the twentieth century had different agendas for reform; that these differences stemmed primarily from gender concerns is also assumed” (Flanagan, 196). “Such issues as how to collect and dispose of municipal garbage and waste, how to restructure and run the system of public education, and how, and to what ends, to regulate the use of police power within the city were controversial, and no consensus existed among the citizenry about the appropriate solutions. Because of their different relationships to the urban power structure, to daily life within the city, and to other individuals, when the members of the Women’s City Club confronted these problems, they came to a vision of a good city and specific proposals of how best to provide for the welfare of its residents that were very different from those of their male counterparts in the City Club” (Flanagan, 197). When it came to the dilemma of how to collect and dispose of garbage, the women “favored both municipal control over and incineration of garbage on the grounds that they would maximize the healthiness of the urban environment” (Flanagan, 201). They “told the men of the City Club that it was wrong to think of garbage removal as a business rather than a question of health and sanitation” (Flanagan, 201-202) as they had, in fact, been approaching the situation.
Me: That is quite intriguing. I’m glad you brought that up as it provides our viewers with a better understanding as to how gender really affects how one approaches an issue. Now that we’ve addressed the origination of decisions, lets discuss how gender affects the way one asserts their decision. I’d like for Kathleen Arano to expand on this for us.
Kathleen Arano: Of course. Through research over gender-based differences regarding economics such as retirement assess allocation, “our estimates imply that women faculty are more risk aversive than their male spouse” (Arano, 147). “Women tend to have less work experience than men” (Arano, 147) leading to a shrinking confidence in the decisions they make. This has been attributed to them as the stereotypical roles of men and women. Men are the provider and women tend to their household duties. Therefore, the workplace is generally more foreign to women than men leading to a sense of uncertainty.
Chang: From my own personal studies, which refers to this topic in an economical viewpoint, I have learned that “social mood is one factor that affects people’s emotions and their perspectives in risk management, which, in turn, influence their final decisions on actual investments. It is believed that women, in general, are more risk aversive, more pessimistic, and have less investment confidence than men” (Chang, 61). It is commonly known that women’s emotions provide a stronger influence upon their own person compared to men which directly ties the logic in these findings. It is “found that gender difference in attitude towards risk is caused by emotional fluctuation, and emotional fluctuation is affected, among other influences, by the state of the economy, unemployment rate, and inflation, which can further affect individuals’ decisions on investments” (Chang, 62). Women also, generally speaking, of course, “prefer to hold a more conservative portfolio” (Chang, 62). “When it comes to decision making, women tend to take more factors into consideration than men do before taking any action” (Chang, 62). “On the other hand, when the predicted decision outcome is positive, there is a greater possibility for women to underestimate upcoming opportunities. Voelz (1985) believed that an individual’s risk attitude was affected by his/her social role; men are more confident than women in risk evaluation and decision making, and are sometimes overconfident. Lenney (1977) pointed out that confidence levels in men and women depend on how individuals think after making a decision. If the certainty level is low and the outcome is vague, women will tend to underestimate their own capabilities” (Chang, 62).
Me: And you believe that this is tied with the stereotypical social roles of the male and female?
Chang: Yes, I do. “Women react more intensely when feeling threatened or frightened; when emotions are heightened by social pressure, attitude about and actions associated with risky decisions are more conservative than those of men in similar situations” (Chang, 63). This reinforces the female stereotype of being weaker in some sense and the male figure is attributed a more dominant and stereotypical masculinity.
Me: That’s very helpful to our topic. Thank you. Well that is all the time we have for today. Thank you to our guests for assisting us in our discussion. Have a good night!
Sources In Conversation
- The lenses attributed to my sources could be defined as lenses formed by the difference of the concerns of the genders. They revolve around the idea that men and women consider different aspects of situations out of nature.
- These lenses provide one with a stronger sense of the innate differences between men and women when making decisions. All lenses of my sources share similar lenses and both prove to contain similar objectives.
- Questions:
- Why are women more concerned with the general welfare of the people?
As mothers of all humanity, their maternal instinct drives them to associate their decisions with a focus on morality. - Why is that men's paternal instinct is not as strong as the women's maternal instinct?
Men are typically the provider of the family leading to their interest in their own personal benefit opposed to focusing on the general people. - Why are women more risk aversive than men?
Typically women work less than men leading to a feeling of uncertainty and unfamiliarity when dealing with economics. They are attributed the feeling that men are more experienced with such surroundings causing them to become more reliant on the male perspective. - Why do women tend to be less confident?
They tend to base their decisions upon emotions opposed to factual information leading to a feeling of lacking legitimacy. - Why are men typically more confident?
Men posses stronger confidence as they are given stronger senses of optimism as women tend to be more pessimistic.
Bias Log
Source One:
- Flanagan's bias counters my own personal bias. This is apparent in the idea that he is a man and I am a woman. Therefore, we are both prone to finding our gender to be the most efficient decision-makers.
- Flanagan's bias causes me to rather reconsider my own bias in the idea that his is a direct opposition to mine. As my original bias favors women, he causes me to take into consideration the aspect of males. Although, his arguments made within the article could cause me to expand my position as he justifies the woman's natural regard for the welfare of human beings.
- This source raises the question as to why men have a stronger regard for business-like situations. There is no defense for this standing point opposed to the reasoning for women's decisions being their maternalistic nature.
Source Two:
- Eleanor Roosevelt's bias supports my own in the aspect we are both women and are both provided the tendency to name ourselves superior.
- This source expands my bias as its main focus is women and their natural instinct incorporated in their decisions. This rather acts as a platform for my bias.
- This source raises the question as to why the male paternalistic instinct is less apparent and more rare than the female maternalistic instinct.
Source Three:
- Ling-Ling's bias counters my own personal bias. As a woman, I have the tendency to announce women as superior. Ling-Ling rather favors the male group in his comparisons.
- This source causes me to reconsider my bias. Ling-Ling provides me with legitimate statements of the males having the upperhand in decision-making compared to the women. I am required to put further thought into the differences of men and women.
- This source raises the question, "What causes men to have a natural higher degree of confidence opposed to women? Is it related to long-enduring social order of the genders?"
Source Four:
- This article supports my own personal bias in its focus on women. As a woman, I tend to consider my own gender's factors opposed to equally focusing on both the male and female perspective.
- This source expands my bias in the aspect that after reading this, I am rather more concerned with the issues of women.
- This source raises the question, "How do men react in financial decisions?"
Source Five:
- This source supports my own personal bias as it also concentrates more on the female perspective opposed to men.
- This source expands my bias as it drags my concentration further into the issues of women. It causes me to even further ignore the male aspect.
- This source raises the question, "Do men qualify to have say in the decisions addressed as solely a woman's responsibility?"
Annotation 5
Chadwick, Ruth. "Gender and the Human Genome": Some Issues in Women's Studies, and Other Essays. Mens Sana Monograms, 2009. Print.
Chadwick discusses the genetics of genders and its affects on the individual. She addresses the issues of reproductive decisions in women stating its the individual's personal choice opposing the ideas of the eugenics movement. She also states the idea of diseases among a fetus and ways of prevention. This concept affects both children and the adult but the woman has the ultimate dictation in consideration to the fact that it is her body.
The bias provided is that Ruth Chadwick is a woman and provides a more feministic viewpoint. Her argument stands besides the free will of women and their ownership of their own decisions. She does not factor in a strong male perspective leading to an unbalanced argument.
This article relates to my argument as it addresses the genetic underlying basis for gender differences compared to all psychological. This provides me with a stronger sense of the actual force at work within men and women.
Chadwick discusses the genetics of genders and its affects on the individual. She addresses the issues of reproductive decisions in women stating its the individual's personal choice opposing the ideas of the eugenics movement. She also states the idea of diseases among a fetus and ways of prevention. This concept affects both children and the adult but the woman has the ultimate dictation in consideration to the fact that it is her body.
The bias provided is that Ruth Chadwick is a woman and provides a more feministic viewpoint. Her argument stands besides the free will of women and their ownership of their own decisions. She does not factor in a strong male perspective leading to an unbalanced argument.
This article relates to my argument as it addresses the genetic underlying basis for gender differences compared to all psychological. This provides me with a stronger sense of the actual force at work within men and women.
Annotation 4
Arano, Kathleen; Parker, Carl; Terry, Rory. Gender-based Risk Aversion and Retirement Asset Allocation. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2010. Print.
This article addresses the issue as to whether women are more risk aversive than men in the context of financial decisions and retirement planning. They demonstrate that although women are more conservative with economical decisions, their degree of uncertainty is much higher than in males. One factor that may be at work in this situation would be that the majority of women work less than men. This means they have a lesser sense of familiarity with the economical environment than do men leading to their inability to fully explore the works of economics. They invest less of their wealth in risky assets. In married households, the roles allocated to each spouse could be another reason for this. The husband typically withholds the responsibility of addressing factors as such. This article addresses many other factors such as age, income, financial obligations, wealth, etc.
The authors of this article suggest their aim to be to contrast the factors contributing to gender differences in financial situations, although their focus is undoubtedly women. There is not much comparison throughout the article therefore leading to a bias argument. Their arguments withhold a definite sense of reliability however. They demonstrate the legitimacy of their work through formulas and proven theories in a sense.
This source undoubtedly addresses my argument. They consider many different factors that I, myself, had not taken into thought. This article helps me to further explore my topic and present stronger evidence. They address the exact topic of gender and how this factor affects one's decisions.
This article addresses the issue as to whether women are more risk aversive than men in the context of financial decisions and retirement planning. They demonstrate that although women are more conservative with economical decisions, their degree of uncertainty is much higher than in males. One factor that may be at work in this situation would be that the majority of women work less than men. This means they have a lesser sense of familiarity with the economical environment than do men leading to their inability to fully explore the works of economics. They invest less of their wealth in risky assets. In married households, the roles allocated to each spouse could be another reason for this. The husband typically withholds the responsibility of addressing factors as such. This article addresses many other factors such as age, income, financial obligations, wealth, etc.
The authors of this article suggest their aim to be to contrast the factors contributing to gender differences in financial situations, although their focus is undoubtedly women. There is not much comparison throughout the article therefore leading to a bias argument. Their arguments withhold a definite sense of reliability however. They demonstrate the legitimacy of their work through formulas and proven theories in a sense.
This source undoubtedly addresses my argument. They consider many different factors that I, myself, had not taken into thought. This article helps me to further explore my topic and present stronger evidence. They address the exact topic of gender and how this factor affects one's decisions.
Annotation 3
Chang, Ling-Ling. "Gender differences in Optimism: evidence from Yahoo Kimo Taiwan’s Business News Poll Centre." Social Behavior and Personality. Taiwan: Society for Personality Research, 2010. Print.
In this source, Ling-Ling addresses the effects of social mood and optimism on decision-making on men and women. He states that women tend to be less confident in their decisions opposed to men and have a tendency to base their decisions on emotions. Men have a habit of being overconfident. Women tend to be more pessimistic opposed to men who are more optimistic. Women also tend to underestimate their own abilities directly affecting the outcome of their decision.
Again, his bias is that he is a man although his argument is based off of carefully conducted research. The majority of Ling-Ling's article is composed of facts. His argument appears legitimate and qualifying as support for my argument.
Ling-Ling's argument directly influences the argument I am constructing. He provides me with direct evidence of the differences among men and women and their decisions based upon the context of the situations being experienced. Through using this article, I am offered a stronger platform to build my arguments upon as I explore a new dimension of decision-making.
In this source, Ling-Ling addresses the effects of social mood and optimism on decision-making on men and women. He states that women tend to be less confident in their decisions opposed to men and have a tendency to base their decisions on emotions. Men have a habit of being overconfident. Women tend to be more pessimistic opposed to men who are more optimistic. Women also tend to underestimate their own abilities directly affecting the outcome of their decision.
Again, his bias is that he is a man although his argument is based off of carefully conducted research. The majority of Ling-Ling's article is composed of facts. His argument appears legitimate and qualifying as support for my argument.
Ling-Ling's argument directly influences the argument I am constructing. He provides me with direct evidence of the differences among men and women and their decisions based upon the context of the situations being experienced. Through using this article, I am offered a stronger platform to build my arguments upon as I explore a new dimension of decision-making.
Annotation 2
Polenberg, Richard. "Eleanor Roosevelt: Women in Politics." The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford Series in History and Culture, 2000. Print.
Eleanor Roosevelt believed that women, general speaking, were more concerned with welfare, justice, reform and peace than were men. She ties this assumption with the female biological role of being the mother of the race. While women are granted the maternal instinct of love and senstivity to humanity, men rather first develop pride which must eventually evolve into love and devotion. This directly influences the differences in decision-making in consideration to gender. Men approach challenges initially with their pride in mind compared to women who are directed by their heartfelt nature. She states that before women were given the right to vote and participate in government functions, humanitarian issues had remained more or less in the background. After women were incorporated into the government body, these issues had become a main focus.
Eleanor Roosevelt's bias is present in the fact that she is a woman. People naturally have the want to portray themselves as more morally apt than opposing groups which could be the case here. It would be understandable for her state her preference of women over men and attribute more appealing traits to the group. Her position is grounded in observations opposed to definite research concerning the human mind in both genders.
This source directly presents the key ideas needed to direct my argument. It clearly associates the role of genders and the way this factor affects how information is processed and how conclusions are asserted. I can make prominent ties from Eleanor Roosevelt's argument to the argument I am constructing.
Eleanor Roosevelt believed that women, general speaking, were more concerned with welfare, justice, reform and peace than were men. She ties this assumption with the female biological role of being the mother of the race. While women are granted the maternal instinct of love and senstivity to humanity, men rather first develop pride which must eventually evolve into love and devotion. This directly influences the differences in decision-making in consideration to gender. Men approach challenges initially with their pride in mind compared to women who are directed by their heartfelt nature. She states that before women were given the right to vote and participate in government functions, humanitarian issues had remained more or less in the background. After women were incorporated into the government body, these issues had become a main focus.
Eleanor Roosevelt's bias is present in the fact that she is a woman. People naturally have the want to portray themselves as more morally apt than opposing groups which could be the case here. It would be understandable for her state her preference of women over men and attribute more appealing traits to the group. Her position is grounded in observations opposed to definite research concerning the human mind in both genders.
This source directly presents the key ideas needed to direct my argument. It clearly associates the role of genders and the way this factor affects how information is processed and how conclusions are asserted. I can make prominent ties from Eleanor Roosevelt's argument to the argument I am constructing.
Annotation 1
Maureen Flanagan. “Gender and Urban Political Reform: The City Club and the Woman’s City Club of Chicago in the Progressive Era,” in Who Were the Progressives?, ed. Glenda Gilmore. New York: Bedford Books, 2002. Print.
Flanagan presents the differences in goverment decision making between genders. He utilizes The City Club of Chicago, which is composed of only male figures, and The Woman's City Club of Chicago to compare and contrast the interests of each. He addresses the idea that the men tend to lean more to a business related view. Flanagan observes that the women withheld stronger interests of the general welfare of the people. In the issue of trash collection as addressed in this article, the men made their decisions based on economical standards and followed paths that would prove beneficial in their own personal and government interests. The women believed trash collection should be focused on the better of the people. It should be evolved out of the people's convenience, affordability, and health standards.
Flanagan hold's a bias in the aspect that he is a man and may therefore favor the male position. He presented legitimate facts to uphold his argument which, in turn, increases the validity of his argument. He presents both aspects of the issues at hand from both the men and women which suggests he recognized his personal bias and worked to erase this bias as best he could.
This article directly addresses my topic of gender differences in decision making. Flanagan presents both views and supplies me with definite differences in the mental processes of males and females. I can see here that men think more for providing for their own and take the upperhand in issues if possible. Women tend to think out of morality and the nature of life which is logical in the sense that they are the mothers of the race.
Flanagan presents the differences in goverment decision making between genders. He utilizes The City Club of Chicago, which is composed of only male figures, and The Woman's City Club of Chicago to compare and contrast the interests of each. He addresses the idea that the men tend to lean more to a business related view. Flanagan observes that the women withheld stronger interests of the general welfare of the people. In the issue of trash collection as addressed in this article, the men made their decisions based on economical standards and followed paths that would prove beneficial in their own personal and government interests. The women believed trash collection should be focused on the better of the people. It should be evolved out of the people's convenience, affordability, and health standards.
Flanagan hold's a bias in the aspect that he is a man and may therefore favor the male position. He presented legitimate facts to uphold his argument which, in turn, increases the validity of his argument. He presents both aspects of the issues at hand from both the men and women which suggests he recognized his personal bias and worked to erase this bias as best he could.
This article directly addresses my topic of gender differences in decision making. Flanagan presents both views and supplies me with definite differences in the mental processes of males and females. I can see here that men think more for providing for their own and take the upperhand in issues if possible. Women tend to think out of morality and the nature of life which is logical in the sense that they are the mothers of the race.
Topic and Research Questions
Topic:
Gender Differences in Decision Making
Research Questions:
Gender Differences in Decision Making
Research Questions:
- How does gender affect they way one makes decisions?
- What is the root in each gender that causes them consider different factors of decisions differently?
- Do genders typically hold to their stereotype when making decisions?
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)